Depression in Pregnancy
Oct 20, 2009 Pregnancy Loss
Pregnancy is supposed to be one of the happiest times of a woman’s life, but for many women this is a time of confusion, fear, sadness, stress, and even depression. About 10-20% of women will struggle with some symptoms of depression during pregnancy, and a quarter to half of these will suffer from major depression.
Depression is a mood disorder that affects 1 in 4 women at some point during their lifetime; it often begins when women are in their 20s and 30s, at the same time they may be considering having children. So, it should be no surprise that this illness would also touch women who are pregnant. But all too often, depression is not diagnosed properly during pregnancy because people think it is just another type of hormonal imbalance. This assumption can be dangerous for the mother and the unborn baby. Depression is an illness that can be treated and managed during pregnancy, but the first step, seeking out help and support, is the most important.
The most common symptoms of depression are continued deep feelings of sadness and not being able to feel pleasure or happiness. Other symptoms of depression are anxiety, irritability, difficulty concentrating, fatigue, and thoughts of death or self harm. Physical symptoms of depression can include increased heart rate, loss of appetite, stomach pain, and headaches.
Studies have reported higher rates of miscarriage, low birth weight, and babies who are small for gestational age, as well as other harmful effects on the mother and the baby when depression is left untreated in pregnancy. A baby’s growth may be affected if the mother does not feel like eating and loses weight. This is a common symptom of depression.
Low birth weight babies are at an increased risk for serious health problems and early death. Pre-eclampsia is a serious form of high blood pressure that occurs during pregnancy. A study found that the risk of pre-eclampsia in pregnant women suffering from depression was more than double the general population risk. Pre-eclampsia can cause life threatening complications for mother and baby.
There are some common risk factors that cause depression during pregnancy. This article will discuss some of them so, that should be considered in mind while assessing a pregnant client by any health care professional for early detection and treatment of depression.
The first risk factor is personal or family history of depression or anxiety. If a women have struggled in the past with depression or extreme anxiety or to a lesser extent, if depression runs in the family so, women is more susceptible to become depressed during pregnancy.
The second risk factor is the relationship difficulties. If a woman is in a troubled relationship and talking things out as a couple is not working so, get counseling. Do not make the mistake of assuming that the baby’s arrival will make everything glowing. A newborn will only add to the strain on the relationship. So, do not put off seeking professional advice and restore the relationship as soon as possible, particularly if a woman is the victim of abuse.
The third risk factor is fertility treatments. If a woman had trouble getting pregnant so, there is a great chance for a woman to have under a lot of stress. If a woman gone through multiple fertility treatment then it may lead to emotional disturbance for the woman. It ultimately makes a woman prone to depression.
The fourth risk factor is previous pregnancy loss. If a woman miscarried or lost a baby in the past, it is no wonder she is worrying about the safety of the pregnancy. If the loss was recent or if a woman miscarried several times in the last year, she may not have had time to fully recover emotionally or physically. So, a woman is more vulnerable to depression and anxiety.
The fifth risk factor is the problems with pregnancy. A complicated or high-risk pregnancy can take an emotional toll, particularly if a woman enduring weeks of bed rest or numerous genetic tests. The strain of having to endure difficult procedures combined with fear about the baby’s well-being is often difficult to shoulder. Likewise, not being able to work or do other things a woman used to do make it tougher to maintain the emotional balance.
The sixth risk factor is stressful life events. Any major concerns or life changes such as financial worries, continuously switching jobs, loss of job, planning to stay home after years of working, breakup in relationships or death of a closer one can leads a woman at risk to get depression during pregnancy.
The seventh risk factor is the past history of abuse. Women who have survived emotional, sexual, physical, or verbal abuse may have low self-esteem, a sense of helplessness, or feelings of isolation. All of which contribute to a higher risk for depression. Pregnancy can trigger painful memories of the past abuse as a woman prepare for parenthood, and the loss of control over the changing body may mirror the helplessness she experienced when she was abused.
In conclusion, I would say that child in one’s life is a great blessing from God. It is very important for the family members to support woman in the critical period of pregnancy. As a health care professional it is our major responsibility to spread knowledge about this issue in general public so that woman gets care, affection and support from their love ones. In addition, it is also the responsibilities of health care professional to take complete history from the patient so that this type of disorder can be detect on time and patient can get proper treatment for better outcome of pregnancy.
Tags: Depression, Pregnancy
Pregnancy Risks – Know Them To Avoid Them
Oct 12, 2009 Pregnancy Loss
Pregnancy risks are one of the many things; a woman should be concerned about, once she knows that her baby is on the way. The quality of medical care and awareness of behavioral risk factors has drastically reduced pregnancy related complications today. Yet, it is important that that every woman going through a period of pregnancy is aware of certain things related to her pregnancy week by week.
Pregnancy Risk Factors
Undesirable lifestyles, genetic background, and existing medical conditions are some of the main factors that contribute toward high-risk pregnancy.
How Is Your Lifestyle?
Unhealthful lifestyles before or during pregnancy adds to pregnancy risks. This can negatively affect the long-term health of the mother and newborn child. A would be mother should keep the following points in mind.
1. Quit substance use-Alcohol, drugs and cigarettes harm the developing fetus. Consume coffee and tea in moderation.
2. Learn the importance of nutrition-Avoid certain foods that may harm the unborn baby. Some of these are certain kinds of fish that contain mercury, raw meats and unpasteurized milk that can contain harmful bacteria called Listeria. Eat a balanced diet that contains proteins, fats, carbohydrates, and minerals.
3. Avoid stress and anxiety-Statistical studies have shown that expectant mothers who are distraught by anxiety, fear, and emotional turmoil are more prone to conditions like pregnancy-induced hypertension. This condition is also called Toxemia or Preeclampsia.
4. Exercise in moderation-Vigorous and strenuous physical activity can contribute to pregnancy risks. Consult your doctor for prenatal exercise tips. Moderate walking and light housework are helpful pregnancy exercises.
5. Avoid sex during pregnancy, if your doctor or pregnancy health care provider detects certain significant complications with your pregnancy.
Other Pregnancy Risks
Certain aspects of genetic background and existing medical conditions may add to pregnancy risks. These are:
1. Family history of genetic diseases or birth defects
2. Previous history of pregnancy loss
3. Pre-existing medical conditions, like high blood pressure, diabetes, heart disease etc.
4. Age factor such as, getting pregnant before the age of 18 or after 35
5. Chronic anemia
If any of these or other factors hold true for you, it is important to consult your doctor at once.
Seek Support
It is good to keep in mind that pregnancy risks are an unpleasant fact. However have a positive approach towards life. Seek guidance from your doctor and persons close to you. Your husband, for instance can provide great emotional support. All these will go a long way in dispelling fear of pregnancy or labor. Keep in mind that you as a woman is endowed with God greatest gift -that of giving birth to another human being.
Early Pregnancy Diagnosis in Ruminants
Oct 12, 2009 Pregnancy Loss
PREGNANCY DIAGNOSIS IN ruminants
1 Introduction
Rectal palptation in small ruminants is of little value due to the size of the pelvis. (Wani, 1981). The caudal artery monitoring, bloatment, non-return to oestrus, udder development and other tests tried have had little success, (Wani & Sahni,1980). The more recent interest in early pregnancy 3. diagnosis of small ruminants is of academic and economic importance (Mellado,2003). A highly valued zygote or embryo when transferred to a less valued surrogate mother (recipient) needs to be closely monitored and the early detection of conception helps in repeated use of baren females. Proper management of pregnant animals also prevents embryonic losses. The method applied should be safe to both offspring and dam and needs to be cheap and easily applied. A review of various methods and techniques used for early pregnancy diagnosis in small ruminants. (sheep and goats) is presented.
.2 Early Signs of Pregnancy
2.1. Maintenance of a functional corpus luteum
It was evident that conception prolongs the life of the CL and prolongation and maintenance of a functional CL is triggered by the developing conceptus. These signals ensure the maintenance of the structural integrity of the CL. Corpus luteum produces progesterone, which maintains the uterine endometrium in a state permitting embryonic development, implantation and foetal-placental development (wani,1984b) . The formation and regression of the corpus luteum (CL) in Muzzaffarinagri ewes and Jamunapari goats was monitored at 3 days intervals for an entire oestruous cycle. Laparotomy and laparoscopic methods were used in these experiments.
The Endometrium undergoes tissue remodeling. This change in Extra cellular Matrix (ECM ) components is needed for successful implantation. Cytokinens 8,18 and 19 have been detected in the caprine endometrium during early pregnancy using immunofluorescence. Thus the presence of these cytokinen at approximately day 15 post conception is indicative of pregnancy in goats.
The implantation process in goats starts around day 18 post mating. During this phase intense type I collagen staining was detected throughout the uterine caruncular and intracaruncular stroma. For embryonic trophoblastic adhesions with endometrium, local control of protease activity is suggested. (Guillomot, 1999).
The earliest signs of pregnancy is the non-regression of the cyclic CL, which can be observed by the following methods:
i. Laparoscopy and Laparotomy approximately day 18-25 post mating. (Wani, 1982, 1988, 1984b,Wani & Buchoo, 1990, Wani & Buchoo, 1993, Cuellar et al, 1990, Wani et al, 2003).
ii. Serum Progesterone values higher than 1 ng/ml e.g 2 to 3 ng/ml. (Wani, 1989; Shreif, 1997, Boscas et al, 2003, Al-Merestani et al, 1999, Zarkawiet et al, 1999). Diagnosis of Pregnancy accurately (100%) predicted on the basis of serum progesterone P4 values around 17-19 days post mating .
iii. Pregnancy associated ovine glycoproteins recorded approximately post mating indicate pregnancy in sheep. (Karen et al, 2003; Verberckmoes, et al, 2004) or secretion of 17 & 22-24 K Da proteins on day 17 post mating in the caprine conceptus. (Guillomot et al, 1998).
iv. Non-return to oestrus (Mellado, 2003)
Some of the other early pregnancy signs detected by various methods are set out in Table 1.
3 Non-rejection of early conceptus
Progesterone maintains the uterine endometrium in a state which allows for embryonic development, implantation and foetal placental development. Details of foetomaternal relationships have been described (Mufti, 1997, Mufti et al, 2000)and are shown illustrated in Fig 1to 5. The presence of an early conceptus prolongs the life of corpus- luteum. These pregnancy signals are secreted as proteins. (Heap et al, 1990). Some of these proteins have been identified as ovine Trophablast protein I (OTP-1) in sheep which prevents the release of PGF2 alpha and thus helps in the maintenance of the corpus luteum. In cyclic ewes (non-pregnant) PGF2 alpha pulses are released in response to oxytocin with receptors being in the endometrium. The earliest signal of pregnancy is detected by a marked reduction in the endometrial oxytocin receptor numbers. The OTP-1 may inhibit synthesis of endometrial receptors for oestrogen and oxytocin. This possibly prevents luteolysis and maintains the dominance of theuterus by progesterone which is pre-requisite for the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy. (Bretzlaft and Romano, 2001; Wani, 1996; Ala cam et al, 1988).
The expression of progesterone receptors (PR) in the caprine uterus markedly increases during the peri-implantation period and estrogen –(ER) receptors do not increase in relation to PR, thus signaling the non-rejection of the early conceptus. (Flores et al, 2001). Progesterone in milk too can be found during early fertilization and conception (Cough et al, 1989).
Caprine H-type I antigen expression is unregulated during peri-implantation and progesterone P4 level stimulate it. It may be a useful marker to signal uterine preparations for receiving and retaining pregnancy in goats. (Powell et al, 2000). The caprine pregnancy related glycoprotein (Ca PAG) may help the conceptus to develop and is found around 18-19 day post mating . (Garbayo et al 2000). Endometrial tissue the undergoes remodeling to retain the conceptus in gravid small ruminant females. (Guillomot, 1999)
The dephosphorylated state of caprine uterine myocin in early pregnancy may help the conceptus to grow. Changes in the expression of native myocin, myosin heavy chains (MHCS) and myosin light chains (MLCS) were observed. (Kumar and Katoch, 1997).
For the development of the blastocyst, a proper uterine environment is essential. Besides the maintenance of the corpus luteum, production and availability of progesterone, the non-rejection of conceptus (blastocyst) is another critical feature of this period. The embryo produces interferons (embryo-IFN). This embryo IFN is homologous with – interfersons ( ? –IFN) and Ovine Trophoblast Interferons (OTI) of early pregnancy.
Purified OTP and recombinant OTP (r-oTP) produced in yeast exhibit antiviral activity and these r-OTP and OTP inhibit the release of endometrial PGF2 ? . This helps in the non-regression of the CL and indirectly maintains the early conceptus. Intra uterine r-OTP administered at a dose of 340 µg/ day for a week maintained the C.L in cyclic ewes for a month or so of . The inter- oestruos interval in 80% of the ewes was about a month or more. This dose r-OTP was as a effective as 14-16 day old conceptus. OTP was found to be immunosuppressive in several in-vitro and in-vivo assays. An assay on phytohaemagglutinin A revealed both OTP and r-OTP to be immunosuppressive. This was further verified by the inhibitory activity of r-OTP in Graft Versus Host Reaction. (GVH assays). Trophoblast interferons play a strategic role in the prevention of early pregnancy loss as it inhibits CD + blastogenesis. The role of CD + cells and as helper T lymphocytes and delayed+ Type hyper sensitivity mediators (DTHS) would explain this immuno- suppressive rate of OTP. (ILeri et al, 1996; Karen et al, 2003; Wani, 1996).
3.4 Oestrogen: – Pregesterone ratio (E:P ratio)
The role of oxytocin in inducing uterine PGF2 alpha was discussed earlier. However, the release of PGF2 under the action of oxytocin depends on or is controlled by progesterone and oestradiol. It was further indicated that ewes with a high E:P ratio may generate stronger luteolytic signals. It was demonstrated that low progesterone and high oestradiol combination record the largest and sustained increase in PGF2 alpha following oxytocin injection. Trophoblast interferons act locally to suppress the uterine oxytocin receptors in sheep.(Karen et al, 2003 ).
5 Maternal recognition of pregnancy
The maternal recognition of pregnancy in sheep and cattle is centered around the production by the trophoblast of type I x interferon (tINF). This tIFN then suppresses uterine oxytocin receptor concentrations (OTr). The oxytocin receptor (OTr) occupancy is associated with oxytocin induced PGF2 alpha release. OTr inhibition may represent the principal antiluteolytic mechanism of tIFN and secretion of the conceptus secretory proteins or bovine recombinant IFN to the uterus reduces OTr. Concentrations in intact and ovarectionized steroid treated ewes . A relationship between the conceptus secretory proteins and the metabolic products and those in the peripheral blood of the dam exists. ( Mufti; 1996; Mufti et al, 2000). There are conflicting reports making the action of oestradiol on oxytocin receptor concentration. (Powell et al, 2000). Trophoblastic cells contain interferon on day 14-17 after mating. During maternal recognition of pregnancy goat interferon was detected on day 18 post mating, its absence signifies pregnancy maintenance has been taken over by the corpus luteum. Thus a very thin line exists between maternal recognition of pregnancy and its maintenance or sustenance by the CL. (Gillomot et al, 1998).
6 The Reliability Pregnancy tests
Various methods used for correctly predicting pregnancy in sheep and goats during gestation have been summarized in Table 2. The accuracy varies from 70 to100% with different ultrasonic equipment. Different models as well as principles involved have been extensively reviewed (Wani, 1991; Wani et al,1998) and other methods of pregnancy detection during this stage e.g serum progesterone determination, vaginal cytology, laparotomy, estrone sulphate are summarized (Table-2). Various techniques were also evaluated in assessing mid-gestation. The various pregnancy signs as quoted by
various researchers using ultrasonography are summarized in Table 3. Of late certain anatomical features in the live, developing conceptus in vivo have been reported. This is reviewed and a summary is presented (Table 4). Various live foetal measurements like Biparietal diameter, Amniotic vesicle diameter, foetal radius and Tibia lengths are reviewed and shown (Table 5). Various pregnancy related images, histological sections and morphology of endometeruim have recently be published (Wani et al 2007, 2006 abc) where images are presented 6-15
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The Coming-of-age of the Birth Control Pill
Oct 10, 2009 Pregnancy Loss
Women of a “certain” age will remember when it was not easy to obtain birth control pills. Doctors were reluctant to prescribe them, especially to young women. Society was reluctant to even talk about them for fear that access to birth control would encourage promiscuity.
When you did finally get your first birth control pills, there were only one or two kinds to choose from. And the hormone dosage was much higher than it needed to be.
Thank heavens birth control pills and products are changing. We now have greater choice, convenience and safety.
Birth control pills remain one of the most effective ways to prevent pregnancy, with less than 1% failure rate when used correctly (compared to condoms at 3%, diaphragms at 6%, spermicide 6% and sponges 9%). Only hormone implants show a lower failure rate than the pill.
So let’s look at some of the innovations to birth control pills that women can now choose from.
Birth Control Innovation: Ortho Evra Patch
The Ortho Evra patch has changed birth control for millions of women by offering greater convenience than pills and many other forms of contraception.
With Ortho Evra, you only have to apply a patch once a week for pregnancy prevention. The Ortho Evra patch boasts a high rate of effectiveness, similar to birth control pills, but easier for many women to manage with less chance of missing a dose.
Birth Control Innovation: Seasonale
One of the latest innovations has been the arrival of Seasonale, an extended-cycle birth control pill with similar ingredients to other pills but taken for 12 weeks straight, dramatically lengthening the menstrual cycle.
This reduces the number of periods a woman has from 13 a year to just four – a wonder drug for many women who suffer from painful, difficult periods.
Birth Control Innovation: Plan B
Then there’s the so-called “morning after” pill, or Plan B. When taken within 72 hours after unprotected sex, Plan B can prevent pregnancy with a high level of reliability. By taking just two tablets as directed and within the time frame prescribed, a woman can prevent pregnancy after the fact.
Plan B has prevented many unwanted pregnancies due to unprotected sex or failure of birth control methods, for example condom breakage.
Birth Control Standby: Ortho Tricyclen
And then there’s Ortho Tricyclen, the #1 prescribed birth control pill for years and the only oral contraceptive to attain FDA approval as an acne treatment. With its combination of two low-dose hormones, Ortho Tricyclen not only prevents conception but also helps clear up problem skin.
Ortho Tricyclen works on a 28-day cycle, with 21 hormone pills and 7 inert pills.
Birth Control Pill Side Effects
Although great strides have been made in producing safe, effective birth control pills, there are still side effects and warnings. Birth control pills should NOT be taken by women who smoke, especially women over age 35, because it increases their risk of stroke and heart attack.
Nor should any birth control pill be taken by women with blood clots, certain cancers, a history of stroke or heart attack, and women who are pregnant.
There are also some drug interactions that affect how well birth control pills work, which your prescribing doctor will take into account.
Serious side effects from taking birth control pills are uncommon. The more usual ones result from the progestin component and include symptoms like fluid retention, breast swelling and tenderness, break-through bleeding and spotting, and acne. These symptoms often go away as your body adjusts to the pills.
(Research shows that norgestimate, a newer progestin found in Ortho Tricyclen, may be less likely to cause unpleasant side effects than other formulations.)
Birth Control Pill Benefits
The birth control pill offers advantages to women beyond safe and reliable contraception. In many women, the pill also:
* reduces cramps and menstrual flow,
* regulates the menstrual cycle,
* provides some protection against breast and ovarian cysts,
* is associated with decreased rates of ovarian and endometrial cancer,
* reduces risk of pelvic inflammatory disease, benign breast disease and iron deficiency anemia.
Tags: Birth, Comingofage, Control, Pill
Birth Control Pills Advantages and Disadvantages
Oct 10, 2009 Pregnancy Loss
Birth control pills provide certain health benefits in addition to preventing pregnancy.
Risks & Disadvantages
· Heart attack. The chances of birth control pills contributing to a heart attack are small unless you smoke. Studies have shown that smoking dramatically increases the risk of heart attack in women age 35 years or older, which is why pills are generally not prescribed to women in this age group who smoke.
· Blood pressure. Women taking birth control pills usually have a small increase in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, although readings usually remain within the normal range.
· Migraines and stroke. Women who take oral contraceptive and have a history of migraines have an increased risk of stroke compared to nonusers with a history of migraine.
· Blood clots (Venous thromboembolism). Women who use birth control pills are at a slightly increased risk of having a blood clot in the legs or lungs. Studies consistently show that the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) is two to six times higher in oral contraceptive users than in nonusers. The risk of blood clots is highest in women with clotting disorders or who have previously had a deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. Other risk factors include obesity, older age, having several family members who’ve had blood clots before old age, air travel, and having to lie or sit for a prolonged period, as you might after major surgery.
Types of Birth Control Pills
Progestin-only pills
The progestin-only pills (also called “mini-pills”) became available in the 1970s. Their use was and has been limited – making up only 1 to 10 % of contraceptive market. This type of pills contains no estrogen and therefore they do not usually prevent ovulation. To work effectively, they must be taken at a certain time every 24 hours. Even missing one pill can greatly reduce effectiveness.
Progestin-only pills have specific advantages over combined oral contraceptives. Because they do not contain estrogen, they are a good contraceptive choice for breastfeeding women, as estrogen reduces milk production, and for women with health conditions that preclude use of combined oral contraceptives pills, such as migraine headaches, thromboembolism, and cardiovascular disease.
Combination pills
When you hear the term “birth control pill,” it most often refers to oral contraceptives containing estrogen and progestin. Combination pills contain a combination of these two hormones. They are categorized as monophasic, biphasic, or triphasic pills depending on whether the level of hormones stays the same during the first three weeks of the menstrual cycle or changes.
Emergency contraceptive pills (ECP)
Emergency contraceptive pills are not intended to be used regularly as a contraceptive. They are designed to prevent pregnancy after unprotected sex. The FDA has approved one emergency contraception pill called Plan B, which contains the progestin levonorgestrel.
Advantages of ECP:
Tags: Advantages, Birth, Control, Disadvantages, Pills
miscarriages, threatened miscarriage, baby loss why?
Oct 8, 2009 Pregnancy Loss
After suffering 3 miscarriages we gave Mrs F from the UK this advice and information about miscarriages and early baby loss.
Types of miscarriages…
Although ‘miscarriage’ is used as a general term, there are several different types. By feeling
The cervix (the neck of the womb), a doctor can often determine the type and stage of
Miscarriage.
Threatened miscarriage this is used to describe bleeding in early pregnancy, where the
Cervix is found to be tightly closed. The pregnancy is most likely to continue.
Inevitable miscarriage this describes bleeding in early pregnancy where the cervix is found to
Be open, suggesting that the pregnancy will be lost.
Incomplete miscarriage has definitely started, but there is still some pregnancy
Tissue left in the womb. The cervix is usually found to be open.
Complete miscarriage when the pregnancy has been lost, the womb is now empty and the
Cervix has closed.
What can happen in a late miscarriage?
. Pregnancy loss later than the first trimester is much less common, and the causes may be different to those described
Above. They are more likely to be related to physical problems, for example with the structure
Of the womb, the strength of the cervix holding the weight of the growing pregnancy, or
Problems with the function of placenta. A medical specialist can provide specific advice.
The most common symptom is vaginal bleeding, which can range from light spotting to heavy.
The blood may contain clots or other tissue.
However, vaginal bleeding during a pregnancy does not always signal that a miscarriage has
Taken place, particularly if it is light and only lasts a short time. Prolonged or heavy bleeding,
Like a period or heavier, is more likely to signify a miscarriage.
There can often be cramping, with period-like pains, and back pain. The cramping sensations
Can be rhythmic and very uncomfortable, similar to contractions during labour. There may be
A distinct loss of fluid, particularly if the pregnancy is more advanced. Some women find that
The usual symptoms of pregnancy, such as nausea, breast tenderness and fatigue, may stop
Unexpectedly.
Any such symptoms should be reported immediately to a doctor, although once a miscarriage
Has started very little can be done to prevent it
Having More than one miscarriage
. Having more than one miscarriage can lead to anxieties that a normal pregnancy
Will never occur. But even after two miscarriages it is statistically unlikely that there is any
Underlying problem, and there should be every chance of a successful pregnancy in the
Future.
After three consecutive miscarriages it is advisable to undergo some tests to rule out a
specific cause. Possibilities include a hormonal disturbance, genetic problems, and abnormalities
Of the womb, or immune disorders such as ‘antiphospholipid syndrome’ (also called Hughes
Syndrome).
The physical effects of a miscarriage tend to clear up quickly. Any bleeding should cease
Within seven to 10 days, with the next period returning around six weeks later. Sometimes
Infection can make the bleeding last longer or cause a discharge that is itchy, smelly or
Greenish in colour. If this happens, a course of antibiotics can be prescribed to clear it up
Quickly.
When a miscarriage is occurring, there is no magic way to stop it from happening. Remember that bleeding happens in 60 percent of all pregnancies, but only 10% end in miscarriage. Call your doctor, but think carefully if you want to go to the ER. Quite often you will only be turned away.
If a miscarriage is indeed happening, by the time you begin bleeding, the baby has almost always already died. This is a frustrating and terrible situation to be in, and when it happens to you, you will initially have no idea that it is so common. Before your research is done, though, you will find that one out of every 10 pregnancies ends in miscarriage, and that one in every four women will have one at some point in her reproductive years.
Emotional distress by the loss of a baby.
The emotional effects of miscarriage can be greater. Grief is a normal reaction to miscarriage
And it is normal for it to be intense as that after any other bereavement. Many people describe
A feeling of numbness and emptiness following a miscarriage. Feelings of jealousy and
Sometimes anger towards others is also common.
As with any bereavement, there is no ‘right’ way to deal with the emotional effects of
Miscarriage. Some couples withdraw, feeling alone and isolated, others may wish to talk
About it and find comfort in sharing their experiences, perhaps at a support group. Men and
Women often deal with miscarriage very differently and show their emotions in various ways.
Some women are scared of their baby. Some worry about what their baby will look like if born sleeping. If you feel scared, don’t feel bad, it doesn’t mean that you don’t love your baby.
Some women want to hold their baby straight away but some feel they can’t. Some worry that they may hurt or damage the baby. How you are feeling is normal so, if you’re uncertain, ask your nurse. We doubt you will ever regret holding your baby.
Baby Burials
An extended part of Cheeky Chums premature baby store offering solely for the sensitive issue of a premature or tiny baby that has sadly passed away. All the Staff are sensitive to the heartbreaking news of a death of a premature or tiny baby, no matter what size.
Baby is able to be dressed with dignity, baby is made to feel comfortable, baby can look more at peace and that he or she is fully dressed in clothes that fit. Ready for family cuddles and a then settled for the final sleep. The majority of these baby clothes are made in any size you need to fit baby that has just passed away. Created with simple openings and fastenings for ease of dressing.
You can find them here from 5 inches in length.
http://cheekychumsonline.co.uk/
http://cheekychumsonline.co.uk/category_60/–Baby-Bereavement-Sets.htm
Useful Websites:
www.miscarriageassociation.org.uk
Tags: Baby, Loss, Miscarriage, miscarriages, threatened
Birth Control Pills for Women Over 35 Special Considerations
Oct 8, 2009 Pregnancy Loss
When a woman reaches thirty-five, her chances of becoming pregnant are not as likely as before. Many mistakenly think they no longer need to use birth control. However, unless they wish to become pregnant, some form of birth control is necessary until after menstruation ceases.
Birth control takes on a new challenge for these so-called “mature” women. In addition to preventing pregnancy, the chosen contraceptive should be one that is not likely to cause any harmful side effects. While most women over 35 can still use birth control pills safely, there are a few risk factors that must be considered.
Oral Contraceptive Risk Factors For Women Over 35
Birth control pills are a simple, safe, and effective way to prevent pregnancy. When taken as directed, most oral contraceptives have a 99% or higher success rate. In general, women 35 and older who have previously taken oral contraceptives should be able to continue using their same brand of birth control pill.
However, if a woman of that age smokes, birth control pills are not recommended. The longer the patient has smoked, the more risk is involved in taking oral contraceptives. The chance of heart problems greatly increases if a patient smokes while taking birth control pills. For this reason, women in this age group are advised to quit smoking or use another method of birth control.
Patients who have had heart problems or suffer from diabetes should also refrain from using oral contraceptives. Diabetic women especially have a much higher risk of developing atherosclerosis and other heart related conditions.
Women in their thirties and forties who have never used birth control pills in the past should be able to safely start taking oral contraceptives if desired. As with younger females, your physician can decide which brand of birth control pills will work best for you.
Benefits of Birth Control for Women 35 and Older
Besides preventing pregnancy, birth control pills can lessen a woman’s chances of developing serious illnesses including several types of cancers. Combination birth control pills which contain both estrogen and progestin help to reduce the risk of ovarian cancer. Even when a woman reaches the age where birth control is no longer necessary, the added protection from ovarian cancer may continue for several years after she stops taking the birth control pill.
Women who suffer from other menstrual related problems such as ovarian cysts can benefit from the use of birth control pills. Excess bleeding and pelvic pain can both be controlled through the use of oral contraceptives.
Uterine fibroids are another common problem for women in their thirties and forties. These fibroids or tumors can form either inside or outside the uterus area. Although they are non-cancerous, uterine fibroids can cause extreme pain and discomfort in women. While birth control pills cannot reduce the size of uterine fibroids, they are very effective in regulating heavy bleeding and reducing pain.
The Ortho Evra Skin Patch
Another birth control method that is gaining popularity is known as “the patch”. Even more convenient than birth control pills, the Ortho Evra patch only has to be applied once a week. This unique form of birth control delivers an abundant supply of estrogen and progestin to the body through skin absorption. Patients can safely wear the patch while swimming, exercising, or showering.
It is important to note that the Ortho Evra skin patch contains a higher concentration of estrogen than traditional oral contraceptives. As with other types of birth control, smoking is strongly discouraged. Women who smoke while using the Ortho Evra patch can experience serious complications, including blood clots and stroke.
Although the Ortho Evra skin patch is generally safe for most patients to use, it is best to discuss with your family doctor or gynecologist what side effects may result. The most common complaint from patients using Ortho Evra is a slight skin irritation to the area where the patch is applied.
Plan B – Emergency Birth Control
Although not intended to serve as a regular oral contraceptive, Plan B birth control pills are another option for women 35 and older. Many women will stop using their regular method of birth control once they reach a certain age. While they may not have stopped menstruating altogether, their periods can be irregular and sporadic, leading them to believe pregnancy is no longer possible. To their dismay, a percentage of these women will become pregnant unexpectedly.
In order to prevent unplanned pregnancies, Plan B is available for emergency situations involving unprotected intercourse. The main disadvantage is that the pills must be taken a short time after sexual contact occurs. Most physicians recommend taking the first pill within three days after unprotected sex and the second dose twelve hours later.
Choosing the Best Birth Control Method for You
Before deciding which form of birth control to use, you’ll want to first schedule a consultation with your physician. Even if you’ve been taking birth control for years, it’s best to reevaluate your decision once you reach a certain age. Depending on your overall health, your doctor may recommend another birth control method or suggest an oral contraceptive that contains a lower dosage of hormones.
Tags: Birth, Considerations, Control, over, Pills, special, Women
Understanding And Treating Recurrent Pregnancy Loss
Oct 7, 2009 Pregnancy Loss
Women agonizing from recurrent pregnancy loss many times look for treatment to make their succeeding try a a birth. This disease is normally examined after two or more failed pregnancies and women need to go over everything with a qualified physician. Women who are in the upper age bracket may be at greater risk of further miscarriages, especially women who are past age 40. Women who are greater than 40 years old and pondering becoming pregnant are encouraged to speak with a doctor regarding the potential risks. The risk of birth defects, miscarriage and side effects affecting the mom may be present for women over 40.Hormonal, metabolic and uterine irregularities may be to blame in some instances, while certain geneticcauses may also be possible according to a report by the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Further origins of consecutive miscarriages may also be possible and should be discussed with fertility specialist.Patients may take certain steps in moving up their possibilities of successfully conceiving a child on the next pregnancy. Women should adopt a healthy lifestyle and take folic acid supplements to prepare for pregnancy. They should also stop smoking, reduce alcohol and caffeine consumption, control their weight and practice moderate exercise.There may bespecific therapies available for women who have experienced multiple miscarriages. The exact therapy or treatment may depend on the cause miscarriage. Aspirin may be recommended for women whose miscarriages may have been caused by immunological causes, while certain surgical procedures may be necessary for women with anatomic problems. Antibiotics may be prescribed in some cases as well.If you need exact treatment alternatives, women are advised to discuss with a medical professional at a reputable clinic. Those whose miscarriages have been caused by environmental factors such as smoking, alcohol, etc. need to change their daily life.Couples are often encouraged to learn that even after three miscarriages their chances of successful pregnancy is about 60%, although some data may suggest otherwise. Patients are encouraged to speak with a fertility specialist to learn more about what may be causing recurrent pregnancy loss and which treatment may be successful in treating the problem.Women who are of advanced maternal age, typically thought to be 35 and older, are strongly encouraged to consult with a fertility specialist before becoming pregnant. Various tests may be required for women who experience more than two miscarriages to determine what may cause the miscarriages.
Tags: Loss, Pregnancy, Recurrent, Treating, Understanding
How To Deal With Recurrent Pregnancy Loss
Oct 6, 2009 Pregnancy Loss
Recurrent pregnancy loss exacts a devastating emotional toll on patients’ lives. Each miscarriage brings with it a profound sense of loss and frustration. While hormonal, uterine, immune system, and chromosomal abnormalities are widely accepted as possible causes of repeat miscarriages, the latest studies point to a new area of investigation – inherited blood clotting factors.
When a patient has a tendency to form blood clots, the condition is called thrombophilia. Thrombophilia can be a life-threatening event if the clots restrict blood flow. Thrombophilia can be an inherited disorder, but can also be caused by external events such as surgery, obesity, pregnancy, use of oral contraceptives, antiphospholipid syndrome, or long periods of immobility. Physicians may suspect thrombophilia when patients have a blocked blood vessel at a young age or have a strong family history of clotting disorders (such as stroke, pulmonary embolism, or deep vein thrombosis). However, some patients with thrombophilia do not experience any symptoms. Or if they do have symptoms, the condition often goes undiagnosed because the tendency to make clots is subtle. Recent research suggests a possible correlation between inherited thrombophilia and recurrent fetal loss. Genetic markers for these clotting factors include factor V Leiden mutation and prothrombin G20210A mutation. These two mutations are the most common causes of inherited thrombophilia. These markers, as well as several others that have also been associated with recurrent miscarriage, can be detected through simple blood tests (see recommended testing).
Recent research indicates that patients who experience recurrent miscarriage may have one or more of these markers for thrombophilia. One study found that 19% of miscarriage patients (15 of 80) carried the factor V Leiden mutation compared to 4% of controls. Other indicators of thrombophilia (prothrombin mutation, activated protein C resistance, and antithrombin III deficiency) are also more prevalent among women experiencing frequent miscarriages [1,2]. Several other recent studies have reached similar conclusions. While more research is needed, this is a promising new area of investigation.
Treatment regimens used at Georgia Reproductive Specialists to manage thrombophilia may include heparin or Lovenox (low molecular weight heparin) injections, and baby aspirin or metformin (for insulin resistant patients with elevated PAI-1). These treatments are designed to improve blood flow in the follicle, optimize egg quality, and improve pregnancy outcomes. All patients receiving treatment must be carefully monitored. Patients on heparin require monthly PTT, blood counts, and platelet levels. These patients should also consider dietary calcium supplementation.